XIX GIORNATE NORMANNO SVEVE. ECLISSE DI UN REGNO. L’ULTIMA ETA’ SVEVA (1251-1268).
di Antonella Colaninno
Si sono concluse il 15 ottobre scorso le XIX Giornate Normanno Sveve , un appuntamento che ricorre puntualmente ogni due anni all’Università Aldo Moro di Bari, una Biennale Internazionale degli Studi sul Mezzogiorno d’Italia che riunisce per quattro giorni accademici e studiosi.
Eclisse di un regno. L’ultima età sveva (1251-1268) , questo il titolo XIX of the study days that have focused attention on the causes that led to the crisis of the Swabians and the rise of the Angevin power. The Mediterranean character of the Swabian kingdom Norman is a salient feature: the Mediterranean, clashed Western Christianity in Roman, Byzantine and Eastern Christendom, the Islamic Arab culture. The southern kingdom
Norman proved his credibility and was ricononosciuto within the Empire. Beginning in the twenties, there is a crisis in the kingdom: the squandering of the royal treasure, the depletion of resources by the merchants of the North, the rebellion of his subjects and the political crisis due to the absence of Frederick II. The Kingdom was involved in a series of riots, in 1240 the conflict with Rome, in 1246 the revolt against the Saracens in 1232 and the Messina revolt.
The conflict with Rome with Pope Innocent IV was born with a strong absolutist government of Frederick II, considering among other things, a refined politician; Frederick's power was based on a large tax burden on a centralized policy based on a contrast with the perennial Pope, a conflict that in recent years had become fierce. It will be this hegemony of Frederick II, who takes under its control the whole feudal system to weigh on the church and to open an increasingly bitter conflict between the Papacy and the Empire. A Frederick II was succeeded by his son Conrad IV, which he appointed his successor after the deposition of his half-brother Henry VII. Conrad was born from the marriage of Frederick Jolanda of Brienne and his government was sensitive to the motions of revolution of the city that aspired to independence. It was Duke of Swabia, Romanorum rex, king of Sicily and King of Gesuralemme. It is thanks to Corrado Pope Innocent IV and the founding of the city of L'Aquila. Conrad died of malaria in 1254 at the sink but legend says it was his brother Manfred to poison him. Manfredi reigned unchallenged as the son of Conrad Conrad was still too small for the regency, was sentenced to death in Lucerne in 1269. Manfred was the son of Frederick II and Bianca Lancia, born of illegitimate relationship with Frederick same who married shortly before his death. Manfredi in 1256 founded the town of Manfredonia, the capital of Puglia (Apuliae Caput). He was king of Sicily, who was crowned in the Cathedral of Palermo and chose Castle Lagopesole as his home. From the Kingdom of Sicily consolidated his power over the whole territory, from Rome to Venice to Genoa. Manfredi implementing an innovative policy with the expansion of ports and urban development, implementation privileges, sanctioned the recognition of ecclesiastical property. Benevento in 1266 was defeated and the barons refused to follow the king. The historian Giuseppe Galasso from 'positive assessment of the Kingdom of Manfred, though representing the real moment of rupture in history national. As told in his report, Professor Walter Koller , collaborator of the MGH of Monaco of Bavaria, when Pope Innocent IV intervened in the management of the kingdom, broke a conflict with Manfred, who, enjoying the 'popular support, took advantage to break relations with the Church. The report of Professor Cosimo Damiano Fonseca described the geography of the United Church in eighteen years that counted than 164 dioceses and 331 bishops, the church in fact, exercising feudal powers in southern Italy and Manfredi inherited the negative situation of the ratio of papacy and empire. The professor Hortensius Zecchino University Suor Orsola Benincasa spoke instead of the legal system, claiming that despite the Constitutions of Melfi, in the kingdom there was a legal instability, a lack of unity. The Code of Conrad IV, considered a text captatio benevolentiae his subjects, remained in the shadows compared to the Constitutions of Melfi of Frederick II. Measures, such as lowering to 14 years of age, a strategic rules to get men for the armed forces, a rule which will then be deleted by the Anjou. In addition, the Code called for greater trade liberalization than the severity of the Constitutions of Frederick. According to Professor Zecchino the bad image that historiography makes Federico is always in relation to the autonomy of municipalities, because, in Frederick's policy could not be lenient towards the autonomy of the city, "the city-states were common only in Europe." Professor Salvatore Fodale University of Palermo plenitudo potestatis consider a milestone, the ecclesiological premise from which came the act of Innocent IV: in fact, the plenitude states that the pope, as vicar of Christ, has full powers on any other institution, although in the case of temporal power, the church purchases full powers only if the vacant throne. The statement by Professor Paul Grillo University of Milan è invece incentrato sull’organizzazione militare sotto Manfredi dove l’autonomia dei reparti tedeschi era limitata dai comandanti che erano reclutati nel regno. La relazione del professor Pasquale Cordasco sulle fonti documentarie ha sottolineato le relazioni tra potere, corte e documenti. Il testo scritto rinviava ad un rituale e aveva funzione sociale poiché veicolava messaggi politici e culturali. La cancelleria trasmetteva la volontà e la grandezza dei sovrani e cresceva con l’imporsi del potere normanno svevo, “rappresentava la trasmissione del potere”. La cultura notarile grafica ebbe un potere enorme proprio perché strumentale oltre che rappresentativo del costume di una società in trasformazione. During the reign of Manfredi there have been numerous artistic innovations. Art Frederick arises in the wake of the Swabian tradition, known in Germany as manufacturers of fortified buildings. "Only with Frederick II Hohenstaufen becomes legitimate to speak of art and not just in Italy." Frederick Manfred omitted aspects related to the idea of \u200b\u200ban art empire, even if it exploits the art for an affirmation of power. Dr. Luisa Derosa spoke of two trends in the Swabian: classicism on the one hand, with its ideological character and size of the gothic world, oriented towards the European Gothic art. The bust is attributed to the trend of Gothic Europe and would not translate the real face of the model nor its idealization, but it has a strong symbolic value. The picture corresponded to the role of the person who tends to be in his youthful looks. The sculpture is from Puglia in connection with the European Gothic more German than French and there is a synthetic made of plastic form that can be learned only been in direct form. The miniature, especially in the period Manfredi, is particularly fascinating, says Professor Lucina Special University of Salento, arguing also that the bust of Barletta was commissioned by Frederick Manfred. The intervention Professor Francesco Tateo memory of the last Swabians between medieval and Renaissance literature and the emphasis the vision of Dante on Frederick II, who retrieves the imperial dignity of the king, defending his power lay, while Petrarch and the Renaissance Federico forget and recover Angevin tradition. Tateo Federico II considers a cross between Norman and beginning the tradition of the Italian tradition, arguing that Frederick as Prince Machiavelli can not be accepted by Catholicism during the Counter Reformation. "Fred is the forerunner of the Renaissance prince in the middle between the intransigent and the passionate literary." Aspects of the administration the royal demesne were treated by Krjstian Toomaspoeg professor at the University of Lecce has highlighted the control of secular power of the church, although the church took the noble part of their income. The tax system Norman helped to finance the royal court and the army because there was no separation between the king and state, between sovereign and state coffers and officials often intervened to subjects with blackmail and abuse. The conclusions of these days were considered "the Europeanization of the South a great European awareness" on the basis of a continuity between the Norman and Swabian. The wealth of the monarchy in the last Swabian and Angevin first was substantial and therefore we can not speak of eclipse, the commitment was Swabian among other things, conducive to economic development. The advance of Anjou was facilitated by the shift of troops to the northern lands to support the Ghibellines in a critical phase of the Swabian dynasty already in place during the reign of Frederick.
Normanno Svevo The Centre is a non-profit organization established in 1973 at the University of Bari 'was founded by Cosimo Damiano Fonsaca professor emeritus, and is now headed by prof. Raffaele Licinio, professor of medieval history at the same University. The Norman-Swabian Days are held every two years and involving participants and distinguished speakers from different countries. The center promotes research and studies on the Norman Swabian period, particularly in the Puglia and Basilicata detecting aspects of the literary, legal, historical, economic, political and artistic. The Center also makes available scholarships for young students and scholars interested in following the work of the conference.
Since 1973, when it hosted the first day was dedicated to Robert Guiscard, they have consistently followed one another index, this, the deep interest that scholars or not.
0 comments:
Post a Comment